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Corporal punishment of minors in the United States
Corporal punishment of minors in the United States, meaning the infliction of physical pain or discomfort by parents or other adult guardians, including school officials, for purposes of punishing unacceptable behavior, is subject to varying legal limits, depending on the state. Minor children in the United States commonly experience some form of corporal punishment, such as spanking or paddling. Despite opposition from medical and social-services professionals, the spanking of children is legal in all states and public support for parents' use of corporal punishment is generally high. Corporal punishment is usually considered distinct from illegal child abuse, although the distinction can often be vague.
==Prevalence==
Corporal punishment is most frequent for toddler-age children and continues into children's adolescence. More than a third of parents in the US report using corporal punishment on children less than a year old, often with a slap on the hand.〔〔MacKenzie MJ, Nicklas E, Brooks-Gunn J, Waldfogel J. ("Who Spanks Infants and Toddlers? Evidence from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study" ). ''Children and youth services review''. 2011;33(8):1364-1373. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.04.007〕 Researchers estimate that 85% of American youth have been physically punished by parents during childhood and/or adolescence.
Race, gender, and social class appear to be significant factors in U.S. domestic corporal punishment patterns. Boys are more likely than girls to be spanked at home,〔Day, Randal, "Predicting Spanking of Younger and Older Children by their Mothers and Fathers," ''Journal of Marriage and the Family 60'' (February 1998): 79-94.〕 and corporal punishment of boys tends to be more severe and more aggressive than that of girls〔Straus, 1994; Kipnis, 1999; Kindlon and Thompson, 1999; Newberger, 1999; Hyman, 1997.〕 despite some research suggesting that corporal punishment is more counterproductive for boys than girls. Affluent families at the upper end of the socioeconomic scale tend to spank the least often; middle‑class parents tend to administer corporal punishment in greater numbers, and lower‑class parents tend to do so with still greater frequency.〔Straus, M.A. and Donnelly, D.A. (1994). ''Beating the Devil Out of Them: Corporal Punishment in American Families''. New York: Lexington Books. ISBN 0-02-931730-4〕 African American families are more likely to practice corporal punishment than white ones.〔Deater-Deckard, Kirby; and Dodge, Kenneth A. "Externalizing Behavior Problems and Discipline Revisited: Nonlinear Effects and Variation by Culture, Context and Gender", ''Psychological Inquiry'', Vol. 8, No. 3 (1997), pp. 161-175.〕
A 2014 real-time investigation of mothers in Texas found that nearly half used some form of corporal punishment during the duration of the study. Subjects tended to use spanking when angry and for trivial misdeeds, such as minor social transgressions by children. Those mothers who spanked tended to rely on spanking as a punishment rather than using it as a "last resort". These episodes of corporal punishment were not usually effective in stopping the unwanted behaviour.〔Holden, G.W.; Williamson, P.A.; Holland, G.W. ("Eavesdropping on the family: a pilot investigation of corporal punishment in the home" ). ''J Fam Psychol''. 2014 Jun; 28(3):401-6. doi: 10.1037/a0036370.〕 According to the study's lead author, George Holden, “The recordings show that most parents responded either impulsively or emotionally, rather than being intentional with their discipline”, contrary to the advice of spanking advocates.〔("Corporal punishment study shows kids misbehave within 10 minutes of spanking" ). Southern Methodist University. 15 April 2014.〕 The audio recordings used in the study revealed that mothers tended to spank their children, of varying ages, an average of eighteen times per week.〔 Researchers had earlier estimated that American parents used corporal punishment an average of eighteen times per year.〔 Based on these preliminary results, Holden suggests that studies using self-reports may dramatically underestimate the actual incidence of spanking by parents.〔Phillip, Abby (22 April 2014). ("Parents still spank their kids for trivial reasons even when researchers are listening in". ) ''The Washington Post''.〕
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